The Maternal Genetic Lineages of Ashkenazic Jews

From the Author
The 129 mtDNA haplogroups discussed in Chapter 2 are: A12'23, H1b, H1b1a, H1b2a, H1e4, H1e4a, H1f, H1u2, H1ai1, H1aj1, H1aj1a, H1as2, H1ax, H1bd, H1bo, H1bw, H2a1e1a, H2a2b1, H3, H3p, H3w, H3ap, H4a1a1, H4a1a1a, H4a1a3a, H5, H5-C16192T, H5-T16311C!, H5a1, H5a7, H5c2, H6a1a1a, H6a1a3, H6a1a5, H6a1b2, H6a1b3, H7c2, H7e, H7j, H10a1b, H11a1, H11a2a2, H11b1, H13a1a1, H13a1a1a, H15b, H25, H26c, H40b, H41a, H47, H56, H65a, HV0-T195C!, HV1a'b'c, HV1b2, HV5, HV5a, I1c1a, I5a1b, J1b1a1, J1c-C16261T, J1c1, J1c3e2, J1c4, J1c5, J1c7a, J1c13, J1c14, J2b1e, K1a1b1, K1a1b1a, K1a4a, K1a9, K2a, K2a2a1, L2a1l2a, M1a1b1c, M33c, N1b1a2, N1b1b1, N1b2, N9a3, R0a2m, R0a4, T1a, T1a1, T1a1b, T1a1j, T1a1k1, T1b, T1b3, T2a1, T2a1b, T2b3-C151T, T2b4, T2b4a, T2b16, T2b25, T2e1b, T2g1a, U1b1, U2e1a1, U3a1, U3a1a, U4a3a, U5a1a2a, U5a1b, U5a1b1, U5a1b1c2, U5a1d2b, U5a1f1a, U5a2b2a, U5b1b1-T16192C!, U5b1e1, U5b2a1a, U6a7a1b, U7a5, U8b1b1, V1a1, V7a, V7b, V15, V18a, W1h, W3a1a1, W3b1, X2b7, and X2e2a. My main goal was to find out the origins of all of them. Tentative, less complete discussions of some of these haplogroups had earlier appeared on pages 200, 201, 204, and 205 of my 2018 book The Jews of Khazaria, Third Edition.
This book presents up-to-date information on the origins of the Ashkenazic Jewish people from central and eastern Europe based on genetic research on modern and pre-modern populations. It focuses on the 129 maternal haplogroups that the author confirmed that Ashkenazim have acquired from distinct female ancestors who were indigenous to diverse lands that include Israel, Italy, Poland, Germany, North Africa, and China, revealing both their Israelite inheritance and the lasting legacy of conversions to Judaism. Genetic connections between Ashkenazic Jews and other Jewish populations, including Turkish Jews, Moroccan Jews, Tunisian Jews, Iranian Jews, and Cochin Jews, are indicated wherever they are known.