Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction
Book details
Summary
Description
List of Symbols xix
1. Introduction 1
Learning Objectives 2
1.1 Historical Perspective 2
1.2 Materials Science and Engineering 3
1.3 Why Study Materials Science and Engineering? 5
Case Study--Liberty Ship Failures 6
1.4 Classification of Materials 7
Case Study--Carbonated Beverage Containers 12
1.5 Advanced Materials 14
1.6 Modern Materials'' Needs 16
Summary 17
References 18
2. Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding 19
Learning Objectives 20
2.1 Introduction 20
Atomic Structure 20
2.2 Fundamental Concepts 20
2.3 Electrons in Atoms 22
2.4 The Periodic Table 28
Atomic Bonding In Solids 30
2.5 Bonding Forces and Energies 30
2.6 Primary Interatomic Bonds 32
2.7 Secondary Bonding or van der Waals Bonding 39
Materials of Importance--Water (Its Volume Expansion Upon Freezing) 42
2.8 Mixed Bonding 43
2.9 Molecules 44
2.10 Bonding Type-Material Classification Correlations 44
Summary 45
Equation Summary 46
List of Symbols 46
Important Terms and Concepts 46
References 47
3. The Structure of Crystalline Solids 48
Learning Objectives 49
3.1 Introduction 49
Crystal Structures 49
3.2 Fundamental Concepts 49
3.3 Unit Cells 50
3.4 Metallic Crystal Structures 51
3.5 Density Computations 57
3.6 Polymorphism and Allotropy 57 Material of Importance--Tin (Its Allotropic Transformation) 58
3.7 Crystal Systems 59
Crystallographic points, directions, and Planes 61
3.8 Point Coordinates 61
3.9 Crystallographic Directions 64
3.10 Crystallographic Planes 70
3.11 Linear and Planar Densities 76
3.12 Close-Packed Crystal Structures 77
Crystalline and Noncrystalline Materials 79
3.13 Single Crystals 79
3.14 Polycrystalline Materials 79
3.15 Anisotropy 81
3.16 X-Ray Diffraction: Determination of Crystal Structures 82
3.17 Noncrystalline Solids 87
Summary 88
Equation Summary 90 List of Symbols 90
Important Terms and Concepts 91 References 91
4. Imperfections in Solids 92
Learning Objectives 93
4.1 Introduction 93
Point Defects 93
4.2 Vacancies and Self-Interstitials 93
4.3 Impurities in Solids 95
4.4 Specification of Composition 98
Miscellaneous Imperfections 102
4.5 Dislocations--Linear Defects 102
4.6 Interfacial Defects 105
Materials of Importance--Catalysts (and Surface Defects) 108
4.7 Bulk or Volume Defects 109
4.8 Atomic Vibrations 109
Microscopic Examination 110
4.9 Basic Concepts of Microscopy 110
4.10 Microscopic Techniques 111
4.11 Grain-Size Determination 115
Summary 118
Equation Summary 119
List of Symbols 120
Important Terms and Concepts 120
References 120
5. Diffusion 121
Learning Objectives 122
5.1 Introduction 122
5.2 Diffusion Mechanisms 123
5.3 Fick''s First Law 124
5.4 Fick''s Second Law--Nonsteady-State Diffusion 126
5.5 Factors That Influence Diffusion 130
5.6 Diffusion in Semiconducting Materials 135
Materials of Importance--Aluminum for Integrated Circuit Interconnects 138
5.7 Other Diffusion Paths 139
Summary 139
Equation Summary 140
List of Symbols 141
Important Terms and Concepts 141
References 141
6. Mechanical Properties of Metals 142
Learning Objectives 143
6.1 Introduction 143
6.2 Concepts of Stress and Strain 144
Elastic Deformation 148
6.3 Stress-Strain Behavior 148
6.4 Anelasticity 151
6.5 Elastic Properties of Materials 151
Plastic Deformation 154
6.6 Tensile Properties 154
6.7 True Stress and Strain 161
6.8 Elastic Recovery After Plastic Deformation 164
6.9 Compressive, Shear, and Torsional Deformations 165
6.10 Hardness 165
Property Variability and Design/Safety Factors 171
6.11 Variability of Material Properties 171
6.12 Design/Safety Factors 173
Summary 177
Important Terms and Concepts 178
References 178
7. Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms 180
Learning Objectives 181
7.1 Introduction 181
Dislocations and Plastic Deformation 181
7.2 Basic Concepts 182
7.3 Characteristics of Dislocations 184
7.4 Slip Systems 185
7.5 Slip in Single Crystals 187
7.6 Plastic Deformation of Polycrystalline Materials 190
7.7 Deformation by Twinning 192
Mechanisms of Strengthening In Metals 193
7.8 Strengthening by Grain Size Reduction 193
7.9 Solid-Solution Strengthening 195
7.10 Strain Hardening 196
Recovery, Recrystallization, and Grain Growth 199
7.11 Recovery 199
7.12 Recrystallization 200
7.13 Grain Growth 204
Summary 206
Equation Summary 208 List of Symbols 208
Important Terms and Concepts 208
References 208
8. Failure 209
Learning Objectives 210
8.1 Introduction 210
Fracture 211
8.2 Fundamentals of Fracture 211
8.3 Ductile Fracture 211
8.4 Brittle Fracture 213
8.5 Principles of Fracture Mechanics 215
8.6 Fracture Toughness Testing 224
Fatigue 229
8.7 Cyclic Stresses 229
8.8 The S-N Curve 231
8.9 Crack Initiation and Propagation 235
8.10 Factors That Affect Fatigue Life 237
8.11 Environmental Effects 239
8.12 Generalized Creep Behavior 240
Creep 240
8.13 Stress and Temperature Effects 241
8.14 Data Extrapolation Methods 244
8.15 Alloys for High-Temperature Use 245
Summary 246
Equation Summary 248
List of Symbols 249
Important Terms and Concepts 249
References 249
9. Phase Diagrams 251
Learning Objectives 252
9.1 Introduction 252
Definitions and Basic Concepts 252
9.2 Solubility Limit 253
9.3 Phases 254
9.4 Microstructure 254
9.5 Phase Equilibria 254
9.6 One-Component (or Unary) Phase Diagrams 255
Binary Phase Diagrams 256
9.7 Binary Isomorphous Systems 257
9.8 Interpretation of Phase Diagrams 259
9.9 Development of Microstructure in Isomorphous Alloys 263
9.10 Mechanical Properties of Isomorphous Alloys 266
9.11 Binary Eutectic Systems 266
9.12 Development of Microstructure in Eutectic Alloys 272
Materials of Importance--Lead-Free Solders 273
9.13 Equilibrium Diagrams Having Intermediate Phases or Compounds 279
9.14 Eutectoid and Peritectic Reactions 282
9.15 Congruent Phase Transformations 283
9.16 Ceramic and Ternary Phase Diagrams 284
9.17 The Gibbs Phase Rule 284
The Iron-Carbon System 287
9.18 The Iron-Iron Carbide (Fe-Fe3C) PhaseDiagram 287
9.19 Development of Microstructure in Iron-Carbon Alloys 290
9.20 The Influence of Other Alloying Elements 298
Summary 298
Equation Summary 300
List of Symbols 301
Important Terms and Concepts 301
References 302
10. Phase Transformations: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties 303
Learning Objectives 304
10.1 Introduction 304
Phase Transformations 304
10.2 Basic Concepts 304
10.3 The Kinetics of Phase Transformations 305
10.4 Metastable Versus Equilibrium States 316
Microstructural and Property Changes In Iron-Carbon Alloys 317
10.5 Isothermal Transformation Diagrams 317
10.6 Continuous-Cooling Transformation Diagrams 328
10.7 Mechanical Behavior of Iron-Carbon Alloys 331
10.8 Tempered Martensite 335
10.9 Review of Phase Transformations and Mechanical Properties for Iron-Carbon Alloys 338
Materials of Importance--Shape-Memory Alloys 341
Summary 344
Equation Summary 345 List of Symbols 346
Important Terms and Concepts 346 References 346
11. Applications and Processing of Metal Alloys 347
Learning Objectives 348
11.1 Introduction 348
Types of Metal Alloys 349
11.2 Ferrous Alloys 349
11.3 Nonferrous Alloys 361
Materials of Importance--Metal Alloys Used for Euro Coins 372
Fabrication of Metals 373
11.4 Forming Operations 373
11.5 Casting 375
11.6 Miscellaneous Techniques 376
11.7 3D Printing (Additive Manufacturing) 378
Thermal Processing of Metals 382
11.8 Annealing Processes 382
11.9 Heat Treatment of Steels 384
11.10 Precipitation Hardening 394
Summary 401
Important Terms and Concepts
References 403
12. Structures and Properties of Ceramics 405
Learning Objectives 406
12.1 Introduction 406
Ceramic Structures 406
12.2 Crystal Structures 407
12.3 Silicate Ceramics 415
12.4 Carbon 419
12.5 Imperfections in Ceramics 420
12.6 Diffusion in Ionic Materials
12.7 Ceramic Phase Diagrams 425
Mechanical Properties 428
12.8 Brittle Fracture of Ceramics 429
12.9 Stress-Strain Behavior 433
12.10 Mechanisms of Plastic Deformation 435
12.11 Miscellaneous Mechanical Considerations 437
Summary 439
Equation Summary 440
List of Symbols 441
Important Terms and Concepts 441
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