Defending Shylock: Productive Work in Financial Markets

Like Shakespeare's Shylock, market speculators and "junk bond" dealers are criticized as manipulators of money who create no real value. But is this true? Or do financiers perform a valuable function in the economy? In this essay, Stephen Hicks challenges the conventional view of financiers and financial markets--that those who work in them are zero-sum parasites upon the physical labor and that they make merely "paper profits." In contrast to the conventional view, Hicks explains the great value that financial markets add to an economy and the nature of the intellectual work that underlays them.